Feminist Aspects of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Feminism Feminist Women Cr

Feminist Aspects of The Yellow paper The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman can by read in many a(prenominal) different musical modes. Some think of it as a tragic horror story part others whitethorn find it to be a tale of a woman trying to find her identity in a male-dominated society. The story is based on an chronological succession in Gilmans deportment when she suffered from a nervous disease called melancholia. A male specialist advised her to live a domestic a life as far as possible.. and never to touch a pen, brush or pencil... (Gilman, 669). She lived by these guidelines for three months until she came close to suffering from a nervous breakdown. Gilman so indomitable to continue writing, despite the atomic number 101s advice, and overcame her illness. By writing The Yellow Wallpaper, she attempted to save others who suffered from her illness. The story takes place in the late eighteen hundreds (published in 1892), a succession when feminism was at a rise. Many connections can be made between the characteristics of this time period and images in the story. These include the important characters original egress, the main characters suppression by her husband, and the image of the woman behind the bars in the later half of the story. Throughout the story, the narrator who is a woman diagnosed by her physician husband as sick finds a creative outlet by writing. She expressed her need to express herself in some way by stating, I dont know why I should write this... but I must say I feel and think in some way it is such(prenominal) a relief.. I must put it this way- he (John) hates for me to write a word (Gilman 662). We can see how her husband kept her in a subject position as she was restricted from letting out her creative energ... ...lpaper is a story of a woman who suffers from a sickness that her dominating husband tries to resume with rest until the wife finally goes mad. The qualities of the characters, setting, and plot can each be correlated with characteristics of the womens movement. Literature was used as a creative outlet for many females as they were suppressed with the life of a male-dominated society during the time of the Femenist Movement. Works Cited and Consulted McElroy, Lorie. Womens Voices A Documentary History of Women in America.pp.195-204.1997. Newman, Loise Michele. White Womens Rights. pp.7-11, 23-37.1986. Ogden, Annegret S. The Great American Housewife. pp. 55-60, 71-72. 1980. ONeil, William. womens liberation movement in America a history. pp.33-34, 130-133, 275. 1989. Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. pp.326-327, 344-347. 1994. Feminist Aspects of The Yellow Wallpaper -- Feminism Feminist Women CrFeminist Aspects of The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman can by read in many different ways. Some think of it as a tragic horror story while others may find it to be a tale of a woman trying to find her i dentity in a male-dominated society. The story is based on an episode in Gilmans life when she suffered from a nervous disease called melancholia. A male specialist advised her to live a domestic a life as far as possible.. and never to touch a pen, brush or pencil... (Gilman, 669). She lived by these guidelines for three months until she came close to suffering from a nervous breakdown. Gilman then decided to continue writing, despite the physicians advice, and overcame her illness. By writing The Yellow Wallpaper, she attempted to save others who suffered from her illness. The story takes place in the late eighteen hundreds (published in 1892), a time when feminism was at a rise. Many connections can be made between the characteristics of this time period and images in the story. These include the main characters creative outlet, the main characters suppression by her husband, and the image of the woman behind the bars in the later half of the story. Throughout the story, the na rrator who is a woman diagnosed by her physician husband as sick finds a creative outlet by writing. She expressed her need to express herself in some way by stating, I dont know why I should write this... but I must say I feel and think in some way it is such a relief.. I must put it this way- he (John) hates for me to write a word (Gilman 662). We can see how her husband kept her in a subordinate position as she was restricted from letting out her creative energ... ...lpaper is a story of a woman who suffers from a sickness that her dominating husband tries to cure with rest until the wife finally goes mad. The qualities of the characters, setting, and plot can each be correlated with characteristics of the womens movement. Literature was used as a creative outlet for many females as they were suppressed with the life of a male-dominated society during the time of the Femenist Movement. Works Cited and Consulted McElroy, Lorie. Womens Voices A Documentary History of Women in Am erica.pp.195-204.1997. Newman, Loise Michele. White Womens Rights. pp.7-11, 23-37.1986. Ogden, Annegret S. The Great American Housewife. pp. 55-60, 71-72. 1980. ONeil, William. Feminism in America a history. pp.33-34, 130-133, 275. 1989. Woloch, Nancy. Women and the American Experience. pp.326-327, 344-347. 1994.

Confucianism :: Papers China Religion

ConfucianismConfucianism is the major system of thought in qina. It was developed from the teachings of Confucius and his disciples, and concerned with the principles of good conduct, practical wisdom, and proper social relationships. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese attitude toward life, set the patterns of life-time and standards of social value, and provided the background for Chinese political theories and institutions. It has spread from China to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam and has aroused interest among Western scholars.Although Confucianism became the official ideology of the Chinese state, it has never existed as an found religion with a church and priesthood. Chinese scholars honored Confucius as a great teacher and philosopher but did not worship him as a own(prenominal) god. Nor did Confucius himself ever claim divinity. Unlike Christian churches, the temples built to Confucius were not places in which organized community groups gathered to worship, but public edif ices designed for annual ceremonies, in particular on the philosophers birthday. Several attempts to deify Confucius and to convert Confucianism failed because of the essentially profane nature of the philosophy.The principles of Confucianism are contained in the nine ancient Chinese works handed complicate by Confucius and his followers, who lived in an age of great philosophic activity. These writings can be divided into two groups the Five Classics and the Four Books.The Wu Ching (Five Classics), which originated before the time of Confucius, make up of the I Ching (Book of Changes), Shu Ching (Book of History), Shih Ching (Book of Poetry), Li Chi (Book of Rites), and Chun Chiu (Spring and Autumn Annals). The I Ching is a manual of divination probably compiled before the 11th century BC its supplementary philosophical portion, contained in a series of appendixes, may have been written later by Confucius and his disciples. The Shu Ching is a collection of ancient historical doc uments, and the Shih Ching is an anthology of ancient poems. The Li Chi deals with the principles of conduct, including those for public and private ceremonies it was destroyed in the 3rd century BC, but presumably much of its material was preserved in a later compilation, the record book of Rites. The Chun Chiu, the only work reputedly compiled by Confucius himself, is a chronicle of major historical events in feudal China from the 8th century BC to Confuciuss dying early in the 5th century BC.The Shih Shu (Four Books), compilations of the sayings of Confucius

Eye tracking techniques improve aircraft simulators :: essays research papers

A simulated flight surround for pilot training may soon be made more realistic through the use of eye-tracking technology developed by researchers at the University of Torontos Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IMBE). some(prenominal) safety and cost benefits are obtained by training aircraft pilots under simulated conditions, but to be effective the simulation must be convicingly realistic. At present, th e training facilities use large domes and gimballed projectors, or an array of video screens, to display computer-generated images. But these installations are very expensive and image resolution is low. Further, it would feign an enormous amount of addi to improve image quality signifi basistly throughout the whole viewed scene. However, based on the visual properties of the eye, realism can be obtained by providing a high-resolution area of interest insert within a large, low-resolution field of view. If the image-generating computer knows where the pilots fixation is, it mage there. The technology to make this possible was developed by a research team headed by Professor Richard Frecker and Professor Moshe Eizenman. The work was carried out in collaboration with CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal with financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Their eye-tracker can record and analyze accurately up to 500 eye positions per second. The system works by means of capturing and processing the reflections of a low-level beam o f invisible infra-red light shone onto the eye. Multi-element arrays capture the image of the eye and digitize the information, which is then processed in real time by a fast, sanctified signal processing unit. The difference in position between the ligh tre of the pupil reveals the instantaneous direction of gaze. Developments by the IBME team have significantly increased the stop number of signal processing in addition to enhancing accuracy of eye position estimates. Eizenman believes th at "these improvements make our eye-tracker very effective in monitoring the large G-force environment where the pilot tends to make larger eye movements because of contraints which exist on movements of his head". In a new generation of aircraft simulators, under development by CAE Electronics Ltd. of Montreal, a head tracker which tells the direction of the pilots head is mounted on top of the helmet. The eye tracker is mounted on the front of the helmet, and is ll exactly where the pilots eye is fixating. Frecker said that "successful desegregation of our eye tracker into the novel helmet-mounted CAE flight simulator would result in a new generation of simulators that would likely replace the current large domes and cumbersome video display units.

The Color Purple Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Results of Celies Physical and Mental AbuseIn 1982 Alice Walker titled her Pulitzer Prize Winning novel, The Color Purple, which is symbolically meant to reflect radiance and majesty (Columbia). It is a story, entirely conveyed through letters, of one young black girls struggle to escape the brutal and degrading treatment by men, which had become a constant part of her life. Instead of focusing on race throughout the novel Walker accords greater importance to power, the power to be, to concretize ones self, as to mold others (Dieke 102). This completely unbalanced power ultimately leaves Celie tang alone and controlled, which affects her relationships with men and influences her relationship with women, mainly Shug Avery. The horrifying effects of rape and what Celie thought was incest so greatly scarred her for the rest of her life that she lost the top executive to lie with, became confused about her sexuality, and subconsciously denied her right to an identity. For a consi derable amount of time Celie blindly accepted the fact that she would be treated like a slave in her own home. As a result, Celie demonstrated intense fear and a complete lack of love toward her husband. Because Mr. _____ had originally wanted to join Celies older sister Nettie he felt that in settling for Celie he had the right to treat her as his property. Celie was completely aware of these arrangements Mr. _____ marry me to civilize care of his children. I marry him cause my daddy made me. I dont love Mr. _____ and he dont love me (Walker 57). As opposed to most marriages being based on trust, love, and commitment, their bond was based on authority, obedience, and service. Mr. _____ immediately brings Shug Avery into his home when he heard that she was sick so that Celie could target care of her along with his children from a previous marriage. After a short period of time Celie learns about their past and about Mr. _____s current feelings for Shug. Celies blatant disregard t o Mr. _____ sleeping with Shug again displays complete apathy toward her husband. Mr. _____s aggressively dominant role does not denote the conventional husband/married woman relationship it seems to more closely represent a master/slave relationship. Mr. _____s constant oppressive presence causes Celie to live in continuous fear. Celie explains that M... ...novel Celies traumatic experiences have had a great impact on the entirety of her life. Once married she constantly lived in fear being incapable of love and unable to control her misguided sexual emotions.BibliographyBradley, David. Novelist Alice Walker Telling the Black Womans Story. New York Times Magazine 8 Jan. 1984 24-37.Dieke, Ikenna. Critical Essays on Alice Walker. Westport Greenwood Press,1999.Gates, Henry Louis Jr. and K.A. Appiah. Alice Walker Critical Perspectives Past and Present. NewYork Amistad Press Inc, 1993.http//www.Womenshistroy.about.comRace and Domesticity in The Color Purple African American Review 29 1 Spring 199567-82.The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright 2001 Columbia University Press.Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Orlando Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers 1982.Walsh, Margaret. The Enchanted World of the Color Purple. Southern Quarterly 25 (1987) 89-101.

Fundamentals of Rocket Science :: physics rocket science

LiftoffRocket engines are different from car or jet engines in both fudamental ways. 1. Unlike cars, rockets dont need to push off of anything to propel themselves forward. 2. Rockets are self-contained. In other words they dont need oxygen from the atmosphere to provide fuel for energy.Rockets serve using the law of conservation of linear momentum. This law states that whenever two or more particles interact, the total momentum of the system remains constant. In this case the boo and its fuel can be considered separate particles.A rocket triggers by ejecting its fuel out the nose at extremely high velocities (approx. 6000 mph). The fuel is granted momentum as it is being ejected. To correspond conservation of linear momentum, the shuttle must be given a compensating momentum in the opposite direction.Rockets move exactly like Dr. Newman would if he were on a sheet of ice with 3 million pounds of baseb tout ensembles throwing them at a rate of 22,000 lbs/sec. Actually Dr. N ewman would move quite a a bit faster, because he has MUCH less mass than the space shuttle.To quickly summarize, thrust is equal to the exhaust pep pill multiplied by the bill fuel leaving with respect to time. This is illustrated by the equationThrust = ve(dM/dt)This tells us the only way to increase the amount of thrust acting on the rocket, is by increasing the velocity of the exhaust, or the amount of fuel, M, leaving per second. * This is why space shuttles dont hurl baseballs out the back of the rockets. Its takes a lot of energy to accelerate a baseball to 6000 mphRocket Scientist (they dont call them that for nothing) prefer to use the ideal gas law An ideal gas is one for which PV/nT is constant at all pressures. * Fuel and an Oxidizing agent, usually liquid oxygen and hydrogen respectively, are forced into the combustion chamber where they are ignited. The temperature increases which forces the pressure in the chamber to increase to insure PV/T remains constant.V olume inside the chamber is constant soPi/Ti = Pf/Tf, = Pf = PiTf/TiUsing Bernoullis equation we can determine the velocity of the gas exiting the NozzleVe = Ac2(Pc - Pn)/(p(Ac2-An2))(1/2)where V = velocity, A = cross sectional area, P = pressure, p = density of the fluid, and n,c = defines Nozzle and Combustion Chamber respectively.The final step is to visit the rate the mass is being ejected (dM/dt).

Fundamentals of Rocket Science :: physics rocket science

LiftoffRocket engines are different from car or jet engines in both fudamental ways. 1. Unlike cars, rockets dont need to push off of anything to propel themselves forward. 2. Rockets are self-contained. In other words they dont need oxygen from the atmosphere to provide fuel for energy.Rockets fly the coop using the law of conservation of linear momentum. This law states that whenever two or more particles interact, the total momentum of the system remains constant. In this case the locomote and its fuel can be considered separate particles.A rocket give ways by ejecting its fuel out the nose at extremely high velocities (approx. 6000 mph). The fuel is disposed(p) momentum as it is being ejected. To treat conservation of linear momentum, the shuttle must be given a compensating momentum in the opposite direction.Rockets move exactly like Dr. Newman would if he were on a sheet of ice with 3 million pounds of baseb every last(predicate)s throwing them at a rate of 22,000 lbs /sec. Actually Dr. Newman would move preferably a bit faster, because he has MUCH less mass than the space shuttle.To quickly summarize, thrust is equal to the exhaust amphetamine multiplied by the heart fuel leaving with respect to time. This is illustrated by the equationThrust = ve(dM/dt)This tells us the only way to increase the amount of thrust acting on the rocket, is by increasing the velocity of the exhaust, or the amount of fuel, M, leaving per second. * This is why space shuttles dont hurl baseballs out the back of the rockets. Its takes a lot of energy to accelerate a baseball to 6000 mphRocket Scientist (they dont call them that for nothing) prefer to use the ideal gas law An ideal gas is one for which PV/nT is constant at all pressures. * Fuel and an Oxidizing agent, usually liquid oxygen and hydrogen respectively, are forced into the combustion chamber where they are ignited. The temperature increases which forces the pressure in the chamber to increase to ins ure PV/T remains constant.Volume inside the chamber is constant soPi/Ti = Pf/Tf, = Pf = PiTf/TiUsing Bernoullis equation we can determine the velocity of the gas exiting the NozzleVe = Ac2(Pc - Pn)/(p(Ac2-An2))(1/2)where V = velocity, A = cross sectional area, P = pressure, p = density of the fluid, and n,c = defines Nozzle and Combustion Chamber respectively.The final step is to engender the rate the mass is being ejected (dM/dt).

Australian families during the 1900’s

Throughout the 1900s, the typical Australian family has had some dramatic changes. In fact, you could go as far as to assign that, today, at that place is no typical family. The family has fitting so much to the publics change in attitude towards families, or perhaps the public has adapted so much to the change in families, it is now virtually impossible to identify unmatched family type as predominant. It is no longer unusual for there to be as umpteen step families, single parent families, De Facto relationships, etcetera as there is.Also the result of children in families has decreased, with some families even decision making non to have children. So, what has influenced these changes in society? Some occurrences through-out the 20th century that are identified as influences on society are the two human organisms wars, the Depression, and the Womens Liberation Movement. All of these had a major impact on society, changing everyones opinions, attitudes, and overall views o n life.The Nuclear family, previously the typical Australian family has slowly become less leafy vegetable, and even though, if there was still a typical family, this would probably still be it, this obvious decline in numbers is a great sign of the changes being discussed, and possibly a sign of what is to happen in the future. Maybe, in the 21st century, it will be more common to be in a step or single parent family, than a nuclear family. Something that has had an effect on these changes in society, is that of education. For approximately the first half(prenominal) of the century, not many heap actually made it through school.It was common for children to leave school early, as it could not be afforded and so they would get a job, and help support the family. However, the number of people deciding to stay in school, or at least receive a proper education, has kept increase through-out the 2nd half of the century. Due to this, young people are dependant on their parents for lo nger periods of time, as unemployment, and lack of affordable housing.. (Getley, A. , 1996, 132) makes it harder for them while receiving an education. As already mentioned, family sizes have decreased.Between 1900 and 1913 the average was 3-4, but today it is 2-3. The main causes of this being the introduction of many new contraceptive devices, and the Womens liberation movement. Both of these worked together, as many women wanting to have a career before marrying, or having children, use contraception as a way of controlling when they have children, and how many they have. Earlier in the century such advanced forms of contraception that are available today, were not available then.Also, more women are deciding that they do not want any children. It is predicted that 20 per cent of women born in the late 1960s will be childless. (Getley, A. , 1996, 124). In fact, the Womens liberation movement has had one of the biggest impacts on the family. With the acceptance of women working, even when married, around the 1960s, families economic status has improved greatly. Single women made up to 20 per cent of the work force in 1901 but once they got married had to give up their jobs(Gunstone, et. al. , 1992,). Also women were paid approximately half the amount males were, whereas, today there is a greater number of women employed, than men, with reasonably equal wages.It is now common for both parents to work, where the reason for women leaving the work force after marriage, previously, was to do the housework, and look after the children. Due to this, I think it is fair to say that the majority of Australian families are financially comfortable. Also, welfare assistance was introduced around 1908, and has kept improving since, with more provided for a large variety of people in need. This is one factor in the increase of divorce, and single parent families.Previously, many women would have been scared to get a divorce, as they had had little or no experience in th e work force, and virtually no means of income, and many single mothers would give their child up for adoption, as they had no way of supporting it, and it was also considered socially unacceptable. But with the introduction, and improvement of welfare for the unemployed, and single parents, a lot more people were able to act on their own. Single mothers could afford to keep their children, and women were able to divorce their husband, confident that they would be all right financially, until able to find a job.As a result, divorce rates started to climb, and society began to accept divorce. A factor contributing to women joining the work force is the technological improvements over the years. Between 1919 and 1928, electricity saw the introduction of such labour saving appliances such as electric irons, refrigerators, electric stoves, vacuum cleaners, heaters and electric washing machines. (Gunstone, et. al. , 1992,). These cut the time taken to do housework dramatically, and w ith the introduction of more and more appliances that are even more efficient, women are left with time to handle a paid job, as swell as doing most of the housework.Also, since the womens liberation movement, that started in 1969, household chores have been shared around a lot more. However, some of these technological advancements have caused people to lose their jobs, as a machine can take over their position. The two world wars have had quite a large impact on families as well. During the wars, women took over the jobs of the men who had gone to fight for their country, but when the wars were over, many employers were not impulsive to let their female employers go, as they were cheaper, and often more willing to work.Also after the wars, especially after the second world war, industry was short of workers, so immigration was encouraged by the government, and Between 1947 to 1969 two trillion immigrants arrived bringing with them new cultures, dress, language, habits, and ext ended families. (Gunstone et. al. , 1991,). This was another great influence on Australian families, as it brought many different types of families, probably the dominant one being the extended family. Also, these new cultures and religions have helped make the multi cultural family that is quite predominant, and accepted in Australia.

The purpose and activities of each functional area and internal and external communications at coca cola

The main running(a) atomic number 18as are Human Resources, Production, and Administration, Finance, Marketing, R&D. the main functional areas in the coca cola company are HR, Production and Administration.Human ResourcesThe kind resources de sectionalizationment recruits the best people for the right jobs. For coca cola the human resources department looks for people who have skills and experience in driving Lorries. They should be honest and happy in what they do. They produce a frame work which helps them to diagnose the right person for the work. They check away the attendance, punctuality of the employees. They check whether the employees are paid on time and whether they are late. They graduation exercise advertise internally for a job that needs to be replaced before advertising it externally. They make sure that an employee only works over one time once a week. in that respect is a training manager in coca cola who trains employees from ages 16-65. They never stop tra ining and they have to train themselves continuously.ProductionProduction department helps correct the products. Managers help others in their work in the mathematical product department and they guide them through their jobs. They tell the employees in that department what to do and they produce new ideas and election to the company. Their main target is to only loose about 10000 a year of yield and 2000 a week. They also help to improve machines. They have a microbiologist in the coca cola company. He inspects the hygiene, in the production line and the raw material. He checks for contamination like moulds, bacteria and coli foam, he checks normal hygiene as well. Costic and parasitic acid removes the debris from inside the vessels and sterilizes it he makes sure that this is still not in it slice making the product. All areas are canvas by a swab before production and the documents have to be checked by him.They have around 300 people working in the production department in coca cola and around 47,735 people working in McDonalds. Comparing this to coca cola there is a bigger difference. This shows that machines have taken over in coca cola but not in McDonalds. This also tells us that coca cola has grown and authentic faster than the tertiary sector that is McDonalds. Coca cola make 24,000 drinks per hour.AdministrationIn the administration department they have to do the filing and arrangements to overtake people. The PA Wendy Savides aim is to make sure that the boss knows where he is to be at a certain time. She also has to manage other people. She has a diary which contains the participation for the boss and she helps him in any way, with meetings, charities, local donations.MarketingThere are four-spot basic aspects of marketing that is used in coca cola called the four Ps*Product The item or service they sell.*Price The amount they charge for their product or service.*Promote The ways they inform the market as to who, what and where they are .* declare oneself The channels you use to take the product to the guest.As you can see, marketing encompasses much(prenominal) more than just advertising or selling. For example, a major part of marketing involves researching your customers What do they deficiency? What can they afford? What do they think? Your understanding and application of the answers to such questions play a major role in the success or failure of your business. Advertising is a good way to inform people what is available to pervert and if there where no adverts we wouldnt know what to corrupt or we would end up buying the same products and not trying anything different. But on the other hand adverts can encourage us to buy things that we dont need because they make the product look or sound very good and a lot of the time the product isnt as good as advertisements make them out to be.Coca cola spent around 569 million into ads in 2002. This shows that they have put a lot of time, money and ideas into th e advertisements and they have make their money by the number of drinks they have sold. Coca colas target audience varies with the different drinks. Fanta is aimed for women and teenagers. Coca-cola classic is aimed for all ages. Diet cola is aimed mostly for women from ages 25-35. This is quite also with McDonalds because only a certain age people buy a product like women buy salads and a chicken sandwich.FinanceHR is the most important functional area to the workers but to the boss its finance. This area controls all money in the business, and they are responsible for all money that goes in and out the business. Every so often the gives the other departments around money and they must stick to that. If they break their budget they must explain why. All money, which is spent, must first go through finance and only a senior worker can give consent for it. They are also responsible for paying all(prenominal) one in the company. They must give as report every week of how their cash flow is going, they must be precise to the last bod or they will be in big trouble. They must also prepare cash flow forecasts and break even charts these must be shown at each company meeting. If all of these things arent through with(p) correctly then the company could go bankrupt or the financial manager may get done for fraud. This section is very important and is vital for the businesses success.Marketing helps them in the aim of having bottled water. They can advertise their product and help them find out what people really want from their money.HR can help find experienced people for the different work, which will help them achieve improving working relationship.Finance helps them to see how much money they have and how much they need to buy things. Administration helps them to control the communication between the functions. They deal with internal and external communications. It facilitates the successful production of products and efficiency in the business.Production i s the heart of the business as it creates profit and is the reason the business is running. This helps them achieve most of their aims like major rise in profit.The human resources department needs to communicate with production manager for several reasons. I asked Andrea Reeves the HR manager and she said, we communicate well to know the attendance, punctuality of the employees so that we can see which workers are good for promotions and stuff like that. She said that we have to even communicate to the finance department to see that the employees are paid. We do this by Email internally, presentation.PA needs to communicate with production manager to see whether they are producing enough bottles per hour and if they are going according the plan. They would want to check if they are being environmentally friendly. They communicate by phone or e-mail internally.The production manager would communicate with the microbiologist to see if there are any bacteria or whether they should sta rt producing the drinks. They would want to know the status of the machines and whether they need to through out any drinks that are if the bacteria was in the machines while the drinks were made. This would contaminate the drinks. They communicate face to face or by phone internally. The marketing manager needs to communicate with the finance department to see how much money they have to invest in a making of a product. They communicate by the phone and by fax.The functional areas of coca cola are strong and secure they help coca cola achieve their aims. They need to communicate with each other for several reasons, whether its important or just a question about lateness.The advantages of talking, intranet and meetings are that it is efficient and quicker. Using e-mails and phone record involves ICT which can make things complicated and can take time.The business communicates to customers through the website chiefly and sometimes through news articles. They sell their products thro ugh promotions their latest one is the free music download. If there is a problem then the customers call the customer line. They can complain to the services about the product which then goes to the coca cola administration department. Coca cola is responsible for the product till it reaches the custody of the customer. To do this the company needs to keep in contact with the store or market. They also need to contact about the times they need to fork over new drinks and where the drinks should be kept as well.The company gets their yield ready made so they dont know what it is made of but they put down some basic ingredients like caffeine.

Napoleon Bonaparte Heir or Betrayer Essay

short sleep Bonaparte has been one of the biggest known leaders and highly debated characters. Known for his leadership skills, but debated for the many different interpretations of his actions. around historians have believed that Napoleon is either an Heir or a puke. It was by means of his actions on how you can see how Napoleon is considered a dirty dog to the cut revolution. This is shown through different actions and the way he handled certain situations. The first sign that he was a betrayer against the cut revolution was that he was established as an haughty dictator.to a fault, Napoleons betrayal is portrayed with the unnecessary wars that bankrupted France due to the idea of expanding his universal brotherhood. Lastly, Napoleons actions were considered to be completely contradictory to the French revolution motto of Liberty Equality Fraternity. As you can see through these three arguments, that Napoleon proves that he really is a betrayer to the French revolution. Th e basis of the French revolution was that the people valued to get rid of the absolute monarchy that had no interest in serving the 3rd estate. Napoleon on the other hand, did the opposite of what the French revolution wanted.He maintained power, and became an absolute dictator that made all the decisions in his own interest. With all this power, Napoleon showed that he was a betrayer, because he did not do anything for the vertical of the people, rather he did it for his own interests. One example, is that instead of allowing people to vote, Napoleon established representative institutions that only gave the illusion of democracy because really they had no power. Also, in the beginning of his dictatorship, he established the Coup DEtat which made himself the first consul which later on allowed him to crown himself Emperor.This can be considered a betrayal because he was crowning himself king in a sense. Clearly, these arguments show how Napoleon, although a great leader, was too focused on the power that he obtained from becoming Emperor and it foggy his decisions causing him to become a betrayer to the French revolution. Another big part of why people consider Napoleon as a betrayer to the French revolution, was his relentless quest for personal glory and his desire to conquer more than he could. Napoleons commitment to make everybody into a brotherhood completely went against what the French Revolution stood for.This is shown in his many unnecessary wars that took place. He started recruiting mass armies for the sole purpose of conquering other lands. Napoleons focus on universal conquest was shown by the year 1812, when almost every country besides Russia, Great Britain, and the Ottoman Empire, were under his control. Another aspect that shows how Napoleon betrayed the French revolution was when he enforced the Continental System, in which he resorted to economic warfare by forbidding his subjects and allies to trade with the English. Thus, further mor e affecting the already poor miserliness and worsening ties with England.These actions portray Napoleon as somebody who is entirely set on European domination and showing how his military focus lead his ramble away from the idealistic French revolution. The French revolutions motto was Liberty Equality and Fraternity. The French expected Napoleon to honour these sayings and bring back peace, order and to consolidate the political and social conquests of the Revolution. But, Napoleon used other means of establishing a revolution. Unlike the motto, Napoleon used certain things much(prenominal) as censorship, the power of terror, and nevertheless execution to establish control.Napoleon to living control of public opinion, he censored almost everything, and filtered what the people could hear. Also, Napoleon used the aspect of fear to keep people under his control, and he used force to subsidize anybody going against his will, thus showing how he did not follow the motto of the Fre nch Revolution. Also when he was in power, he rolled back many of the reforms of the Revolution, including the rights of women and basic protections for civil liberties. He anointed himself emperor and established his family members as hereditary monarchs of sovereign European nations.In this sense, he completely eviscerated the liberal reforms of the revolution. This depicts how Napoleon truly went against the motto of the French Revolution and showed how he truly was not an Heir, rather a betrayer. Napoleon to this very day is still argued as whether he is an heir or a betrayer. But in many cases, he is seen to be a Betrayer to the French revolution. This is shown through different ways, such as his absolute dictatorship and how he uses his total control of power to make decisions for his own interest. This shows how Napoleon became what the French revolution sought out to get rid of with the start of the revolution.Also, with his many attempts at European domination, you can see that Napoleon put too much(prenominal) focus onto wars and campaigns, instead of trying to create equality for everyone. Lastly, the revolution was about liberty and rights, as said in the French revolutions motto. But Napoleon went against that, and denied the peoples liberty, and their rights with things such as censorship and execution. Overall, you clearly see how Napoleon, in many situations, goes against what the French revolution stands for and shows how he really is a betrayer of the revolution.

Losing Love (Bookshop Memories)

Ryan Borg Mr. Parsons English 101 9/13/2012 Losing Love In the short essay Bookshop Memories by George Orwell, he tells the readers closely the life of working at a second hand checkstore. Orwell goes into brief detail about certain remarks, actions or pestering bluebottles that seem to rest and violate in the most important and obvious places. Some of the remarks that Orwell made throughout the essay would be like this example, many of the people who came to us were of the kind who would be a nuisance anywhere only if have special opportunities in a obtainshop.For example, the dear old lady who wants a book for an invalid (a precise common demand, that). (Page 1) Follow that quote the other nuisance is the random special ordered book Orwell encountered was, the other dear old lady who read such(prenominal) a nice book in 1897 and wonders whether you can find her a copy. Unfortunately she doesnt remember the title or the authors come across or what the book was about, but she does remember that it had a red cover. (Page 1) These encounters aggravated Orwell with no doubt but the real soil he lost his esteem for books was, a bookseller has to tell lies about books, and that gives him a distaste for them still worse is the fact that he is constantly dusting them and hauling them to and fro. (page 5) As one book lover to another the fact that Orwell had to lie about certain books to customers would be near impossible just because its not how Orwell wanted to explain the book but it was what the customers wanted to hear about the book to collide with the sale.Satisfying the customer rather than being able to speak what you actually are thinking about the book I could see this would cause Orwell to lose his love for the actual books that he enjoys reading. The other reason that Orwell states in that quote is that he has to constantly dusting them off and lamentable them to and fro. Analyzing this quote it is noticeable that Orwell was referring to consta ntly moving the books around for customers, the change of seasons, and new inventory that the bookstore got in. Along with shuttling them back and forth, us as a reader, should pass in consideration that the books need to be cleaned off nd this is where the dead bluebottles and dust start to affect his real love for books. After Orwell states the real reason he loses his love for books he does include another quote which is, nowadays I do buy one occasionally, but only if it is a book that I want to read and cant borrow, and I never buy junk. The sweet smell of decaying paper appeals to me no longer. (page 5) To me, as the reader, I ingest this sentence that Orwell does not like to read books that are 50 years old or older because it brings back the memories of shuttling and dusting off the dead bluebottles from the books.It also suggests that he still will read a quality book, news article, or other type of publication but he will not buy it since there were so many customers t hat went into the second hand bookstore to buy books so they could use them as a showing piece for people to make assumptions of who they actually were. In this essay this Orwell gave complex hints to the reasons why he lost his love for books in ways throughout the whole essay but he gave his real reason in the last paragraph of the essay as it was pointed out previously.

Quotations Describing Ralph from “Lord of the Flies” Essay

And a nonher topic. We cant have everybody talking at once. Well have to have Hands up like at school indeed Ill give them the conchHe can hold it when hes speakingAnd he wont be interrupted. Except by me. (pg. 31) This deferred payment proves a lot about Ralph and his character. It proves that Ralph demands a lot from everybody trapped on the island, the demands order and consider for other people. It shows his democratic view upon handling many internet sites or problems that occur on the island. Ralph is willing to listen to suggestions, ideas, or opinions from everybody trapped on the island as long as they have the conch, Ralph will listen to everyone and respect them as long as they are holding the conch because everyone should respect the fact that the person has the conch which means nobody should be speaking while the conch is not in their hand. This port everyones message gets across and Ralph can make a final decision knowing everyones input. This makes him fair becau se he wants to give everyone a possibility to speak and is also proves that he is a great leader because everyone listens to him because they respect them.This is our island. Its a good island. Until the grown-ups come to fetch us well have fun. (pg. 33) This recognition proves that Ralph is an optimistic leader. Even though it is obvious that everyone trapped on the island is in a difficult situation that might possibly never be understand Ralph still finds a way to stay optimistic. Ralph knows that the situation he faces is tremendously difficult but being pessimistic will not solve anything or improve their chance of being saved, being optimistic definitely improves their chances of being rescued, and optimistic is the only option for Ralph. Being optimistic drastically improves the morale and spatial relation of the aggroup because everybody listens to Ralph so they will also be optimistic and sooner or later they will be rescued. They just got to make the most of the situa tion they are being faced with until they are rescued. Ralph feels good about their chances of being rescued off the island and he will never change his mind.Ralph, looking with much understanding at Piggy, saw that he was hurt andcrushed. He hovered between the two courses of apology or further insult. Better Piggy than Fatty. (pg. 21) This quotation proves that Ralph is a great person, he is sincere and considerate for other people, and knows when a joke has gone too far. He has realized that Piggy is not appreciating the way the group is treating him so Ralph decides to get involved by telling everyone that they should call Piggy by his name and not by Fatty because that is not the right thing to do. Ralph realizes that he would not like people making fun of him for his appearance so therefore nobody in his group should have to put up with being made fun of.Ralph is a leader that wants to be respected but in order to gain respect you have to give respect and after making this st and he is gaining respect from Piggy and also the rest of the group. Ralph is considerate of everyone and realizes that he has made a mistake and he should be apologizing to Piggy for his dreadful mistake. This proves that Ralph is a unique and understanding leader because if he was an arrogant leader like most of them are he would just do whatever he wants not caring about other peoples feelings, but Ralph obviously is the complete opposite of that.He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhood and not yet old enough for adolescence to have made him awkward. You could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of the shoulders went, but there was a mildness about his mouth and eyeball that proclaimed no devil. (pg. 5) This quotation reveals a lot about Ralphs physical characteristics. The quotation proves that Ralph is twelve years and a few months old, he is not an adolescent meaning he still has not hit the awkward stage of his life. He has an athletic built with wide and heavy shoulders but his down(p) mouth and eyes give him the nice computed axial tomography appearance even though he is extremely large. This quotation proves that Ralph seems to be a nice guy who really understands people, he also appears to be a leader who can inflict rules and regulations with no discussion because everybody is probably terrified of him at first bay window because he is so well proportioned and thischaracteristic allows him to get rules out to everyone and everyone obeys them.I agree with Ralph. Weve got to have rules and obey them. After all, were not savages. (pg. 42) This quotation proves a lot about Ralph and his leadership abilities. In this situation, Jack is agreeing with Ralph. It is suggested in this quotation that Ralph wants to inflict rules and regulations for the whole group so that the order on the island can be maintained and life on the island can be easier. This obviously shows that Ralph is drastically focused on keeping order on the island because he thinks that this is the first priority in his leadership responsibilities. Jack is agreeing with Ralph proving that other people on the island appreciate what Ralph is doing and his decisions. This is because Ralph listens to everyones suggestions and opinions first and than makes the best decision possible for the group and this keeps everyone satisfied. No government issue what Ralph decides the group will always support his decisions because all his decisions are always fair and understanding.

Change Management in Nursing Essay

Leadership is defined as influencing people to succeed a purpose or set of goals, but differentiating it from forethought causes confusion in galore(postnominal) instances (Tappen, Weiss and White guide, 2004 superior and Fleming, 2006 Robbins, Judge and Sanghi, 2009). Leaders can be managers but not all managers can be good go byers, making leadership an important saying of effective management (Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead, 2004).Several attempts set out been made over the years to explain the characteristics of an effective leader. Trait, behavioural/style, situational-contingency and transformational theories be or so of the theories that have been proposed to explain these characteristics (Yoder-Wise, 2003 Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead, 2004 Senior and Fleming, 2006). Goleman (2000) also used competencies of emotional intelligence (self-aw arness, self-management, social awareness and social skills) to explain these characteristics. Nevertheless, none of these theories se em to adequately explain the characteristics that even out an individual an effective leader. Yoder-Wise (2003) recognises followership as attitudes exhibited by individuals that the leader comes into contact with and explains that followers collaborate and act with the leader.Mahoney (2001) states that all agrees must acquire leadership skills since nursing leadership ranges from the staff take for caring for a patient to a nurse in charge of a hospital. Nurses in clinical leadership positions collaborate with separate leaders in the health boot system to promote compulsive variety (Touati et al., 2006). However, Antrobus and Kitson (1999) criticise nursing leadership for its lack of external focus (socio-political impact on health policies). They commend that, in addition to the knowledge on issues related to nursing practice, potential leaders of nursing should familiarise themselves with social and health policies, management and research. Sutherland and Dodd (2008) iden tify that a lot of pitchs are occurring indoors the healthcare system, driving the ask for leadership ripening.As a clinical leader in the making, a sound disposition of strategies for change management would prepare me as an effective leader. This is a thoughtful essay on how I set up a personal development plan to gain much insight on strategies for change management. The reflection is guided by Gibbss reflective cycle (1988 cited by Jasper, 2003). Although Cotton (2001) sees reflective practice in nursing as a problem, Durgahee (1996) identifies that nurses are able to perfect their actions when they examine their checks through reflection and, consequently, beget conscious of how different elements of care inform total professional nursing practice.The essay begins with a brief introduction of my background, and a description of issues that led me to focus on change management strategies in my personal development plan. It, then, follows with a reflection on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that I have and how these would influence my career in the future.The plan is presented, beginning with my learning fair game and actions that I hope to take to meet my learning accusatory. The literature is then reviewed, followed by an appraisal of my organisation and how I plan to implement change. The last portion withdraws my progress.Professional BackgroundI graduated with a BSc. treat degree from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Ghana in 2008. I practised at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH), also in Ghana, as a general nurse for one year before enrolling at the University of Nottingham for MSc. Advanced Nursing. My responsibilities, as express by the Ghana Health Service (2005), are toAssess care exacts of patients, develop and implement plans of nursing care accordinglyFormulate, initiate and fiat patient care as condition warrantsParticipate in ward roundsAllocate tasks based on skill of staffSupervise staff and students in the wardEvaluate nursing care and ensure continuity of careIn the third year of my undergraduate course, I was one of three students selected for a twelve-week exchange programme in the United States of America. The goal was for us to experience healthcare system and nursing practice in the regular army and effect positive changes in nursing and healthcare at KATH. Generally, students who participate in such(prenominal) programs develop themselves, learn differences between cultures, and are able to compare healthcare systems and nursing in the respective countries (Scholes and Moore, 2000 Button, Green, Tengnah et al, 2005).Judging from the exposure I had in the USA, I felt I could make a major impact on my colleagues upon my return. swap students, whether short-term (1 4 weeks) or long-term (more than 4 weeks), expect to have a positive influence upon their return to their home countries (Button et al, 2005 Carty et al, 2002). I developed m yself, to an extent, as a result of participating in the exchange programme. This was confirmed by some of my colleagues. I, also, learnt some of the similarities and differences in culture, nursing practice and healthcare between the USA and Ghana. Notwithstanding, the overall purpose of having positive impact on my colleagues was not realised. I believe that lack of a schema to effect the proposed changes as tumesce as failure to collaborate with the other exchange students were the major reasons for the failure.I expect to develop a teaching package to delay the progression of chronic kidney disorder among patients with diabetes as my Advanced Nursing Practice module project and implement it at KATH. I, also, hope to gain new ideas on patient care plot of ground I am in the United Kingdom. Upon my return to Ghana, I aspire to assume a nurse-educator role. This job would give me some influence over the tuition of nurses at KNUST and KATH. All these have led me to focus on cha nge management in my personal development plan so as to make positive changes in nursing at KATH.I should be able to reflect on my strengths, weaknesses, any opportunities and threats that whitethorn influence my aspiration to effect some changes at KATH and Pearce (2007) aims that using SWOT framework is a good way to do this. Therefore, using the SWOT analysis framework, I set the followingStrengthsI am committed to what I doI am good at motivating othersI have good interpersonal skillsI have good presentation skillsWeaknessesI attempt to please everybodyI am too lenientOpportunitiesI am airfielding with colleagues from different parts of the humankindI have other experience from abroadI am in all probability to become a nurse-educator at KNUSTThreatMajority of the staff may see me as young and inexperienced to lead themPearce (2007) suggests that once threats have been identified, there should be a way to handle them. By confidently demonstrating the experience gained,develo ping good interpersonal relationships and clearly presenting shared visions, majority of the staff are likely to collaborate with me (Martin, 2006).THE PLANLearning ObjectiveNeeds appraisal assists individuals to set clear learning objectives for their personal development plan (Holloway, 2000). Reflection on the exchange program reveals that I lack ideas on strategies and skills required to lead change deep down an organisation. Therefore, it is my primary objective to use this personal development plan to learn and develop strategies to lead change in the institution that I work in.Actions to Meet the ObjectiveThe circumspection Standards Centre (2004a) suggests that leaders must possess three kinds of knowledge and understanding to be able to lead change successfully. These are general knowledge and understanding (example is knowledge on models and methods for leading organisational change, their strengths as well as their weaknesses), sector-specific knowledge and understandin g (example is knowledge on rising developments in the health sector) and context-specific knowledge and understanding (example is knowledge on areas within the organisation that bespeak change, with reasons and priorities). To lead change successfully, leaders must, also, be able to describe the change impact within the organisation and how it affects the people within (Mott, 1996). Considering these, actions that I consider as appropriate for me to meet my objective are as follows reexamine literature on change management within organisationsPerform an appraisal of the organisation that I work in andPlan the implementation of the change.Main resources that are needed to undertake these actions are time and literature on leadership and change management within organisations. I should be able to achieve my objective within seven months and the outcome measure for me would be my ability to identify change management strategies that would best fit my organisational context.LITERATUR E REVIEW dislodge Management within OrganisationsChange in organisations is inevitable (re ready) and desirable but, usually, complex and difficult to bring astir(predicate) (Sturdy and Grey, 2003 Bellman, 2003 Boshoff, 2005 Dzik-Jurasz, 2006). Yet, there are many a time when change is proactive (planned) organisations make changes due to opportunities that they have to improve the workplace or their output (Dzik-Jurasz, 2006), and is also described as innovation. Change is very vital for healthcare institutions that essay to deliver quality and patient-centred care to its clientele, and nursing leadership is regarded as a linchpin for such changes to be successful (Dzik-Jurasz, 2006 Sutherland and Dodd, 2008). As a nurse aspiring to be a clinical leader, understanding the physical processes of change is, therefore, indispensable.Pettigrew, McKee and Ferlie (1988) state that leaders of change should focus on the content, the process, the context of the change as well as the succ essful regulation of the relationship between the three. They explain content as the specific areas where the change is expected to occur, and processes as the activities, expected reactions and interactions between the groups that seek to bring about the change. Context, as they explain, refer to internal and external factors that have influence over activities within the organisation.Lewin (1951 cited by Senior and Fleming, 2006) identifies three interprets unfreezing, moving and refreezing. At the stage of unfreezing, problems, needs or opportunities for change are identified, and the stage where new strategies or ideas are implemented causes individuals within the organisation to experience the change (moving). Finally, the stage of refreezing is reached when the change has been well integrated into the organisation (Yoder-Wise, 2003 Boshoff, 2005). Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead (2004), also, identify that change process is in four phases description of the change, planning the i mplementation of the change, implementing the change, and integrating the change. Change starts when awareness of the need for it is created and ends when a complete evaluation of its expected effects has been done after the implementation (ibid).Lewin (1951 cited by Baulcomb, 2003) states that change is associated with certain forces that either aid or resist it success would result when the forces facilitating the change exceed those that are resisting it within the context. Personnel within the organisation may be one of such forces. People resist change on the grounds of their psychosocial needs, the appropriateness of the change and, also, how the change affects their position and power (Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead, 2004). Therefore, they should be taken into consideration and be actively involved in the change process (Boshoff, 2005).Bennis et al. (1985 cited by Bellman, 2003) identify three strategies of change and these are rational-empirical, power-coercive and normative-r e-educative strategies. Rational-empirical and power-coercive strategies both use top-down approaches while normative-re-educative approach employs a bottom-up approach. Top-down approach involves senior management generating the idea, planning and directly implementing the change while the bottom-up approach directly indulges the employees in the change process (Ryan, 2008).However, Ryan (2008) adds that top-down strategy alone is not effective for managing change at all propagation although it is very common under transformational leadership. Other strategies are upbringing and communication participation and involvement facilitation and ache negotiation and agreement and manipulation, cooptation, and coercion and, dependent on the situation, these strategies may be used alone or in combination (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1979 cited by Yoder-Wise, 2003). It appears that the kind of strategy used would influence how the content of the change would be communicated to the parties inv olved.Action research is another change strategy and the process is said to begin when change is considered necessary (Bellman, 2003). Relevant data is collected systematically and reported to individuals who must act on it, after which plans are collaboratively theorise and the necessary actions undertaken research and action combined (Senior and Fleming, 2006). The process is in five stages (diagnosis, analysis, feedback, action and evaluation) and is described as problem-focussed, and able to reduce staff resistance because of their active involvement in the process (Robbins, Judge and Sanghi, 2009).Organisational AppraisalKomfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) is the second largest teaching hospital in Ghana, training many doctors, nurses and other paramedics in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. It is an autonomous service delivery agent under the Ministry of Health of Ghana (MOH, 2009a). In addition to training many of the health personnel in the Ashanti Region, many people within and outside the Ashanti Region seek healthcare there. As a result, provision of quality healthcare has always been the focus.An organisation that recognises the need for change, weighs costs and benefits, and plans for the change when the benefits outweigh the costs is ready for a change (Dalton and Gottlieb, 2003). KATH is, therefore, ready for change because some of its employees are sent overseas or to other parts of the country, whenever there is the need for a new skill or knowledge to be gained, to bring about a positive change within the hospital. This may be a factor that would facilitate my agenda to implement lead change within the institution upon my return.However, Ghana, as a country is underdeveloped (CIA, 2008). Therefore, financial support, many a time, becomes a difficulty. Another challenge may be the fewer nursing staff. The Ministry of Health (2009b) estimates that there was a nurse-to-population ratio of 12024 in Ashanti Region and 11451 for the entire country in year 2007.Planning the Implementation of the ChangeThis is the second stage of the change process, as was identified by Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead (2004), and it involves identifying possible resistant forces to the proposed change and identifying strategies to prevent or overcome them. The change strategies to adopt as well as how to communicate the need for change are considered at this stage (Management Standards Centre, 2004b). Bellman (2003) suggests that the normative-re-educative (bottom-up) strategy is suitable for changing practice within nursing.As it appears in my case, the need for change would be driven from bottom (an employee) to top (management) and is likely to be supported by the nurses since it is coming from their colleague. Nevertheless, others may resist the change because they might not see the need for it (Baulcomb, 2003). But Martin (2006) suggests that a clear presentation of the vision and need for change may cause a majority of the staff to support it .Flower and Guillaume (2002) suggest that unfreezing stakeholders of healthcare is a necessity to unfreezing the institution. Stakeholders at KATH for my project include the Director of Nursing Services (DNS), the Deputy Director of Nursing Services (DDNS) for the medical directorate, and the head of the diabetic clinic. When these key people are made to recognise the need for a change, then hospital management is likely to support the proposed change.In times like these when evidence-based practice is being advocated for (McEwen, 2007), I should be able to use evidence to justify the need for a change. I, therefore, plan to undertake a study that would compare the teaching package that I hope to introduce with the current approach used at KATH. If the new teaching package proves to be relatively successful, then majority of the staff are likely to appreciate the need for it.ProgressReflecting on the exchange program, I realise that the idea of bringing about change in practice was not clearly communicated. None of the processes of change, as has been identified now, were known at that time neither was there a strategy or a plan for the change. Some changes are unsuccessful because they are not clearly defined (Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead, 2004) and that is exactly what happened. Although I am still works on developing the teaching package that may be different from what is already present at KATH, I now realise that its purpose and effectuality should be well communicated to other colleagues and management before the idea would be supported. I have discussed my ideas with the Director of Nursing Service of KATH and the Deputy Director of Nursing Services for the medical directorate and both of them seem excited about my idea.However, I have come to understand that all kinds of change are likely to face some form of resistance from the people (Baulcomb, 2003 Tappen, Weiss and Whitehead, 2004). I therefore, hope to apply the normative-re-educative (bottom-up) strategy because it has been identified as suitable for changing practice within nursing (Bellman2003). I also believe that such a strategy would let my colleagues feel actively involved in the change process and, hence, support it.Moreover, I hope to gain new insights from my visits to some hospitals and my interactions with some specialist nurses while developing the project. I, therefore, hope to modify my plans and strategies, when the need arises, in order to become an effective change agent within my organisation.ConclusionPersonal development plans assist individuals to focus on specific needs and steps to take to achieve their objectives (Floodgate and Nixon, 1994). This essay has assisted me to reflect on my practice and roles as a leader. Whenever there is reflection, there must be a change in spatial relation (Atkins and Murphy, 1993). Development of change management strategies was identified as my learning objective. Actions to meet this objective were identified and p ursued. Gibbss reflective cycle (1988) was used as a guide. Consequently, I have become familiar with different strategies that could be employed to effect and lead change successfully, and plans to implement these in my institution have been proposed, although they are subject to change when new insights are gained.

What Causes Social Intolerance?

Across multiple disciplines in the social sciences, the study of social inequality represents a liberal atomic number 18a of research. Social tolerance has commonly factored as a point of political study. This bed be seen as a sequel of an increasingly pluralistic ships company, which encompasses vast atoms of race, religion, ethnicity, sexuality and general diverseness. Due to this greater emphasis has been cast upon the concept toleration. To a item this whoremaster be perceived as a result of globalization, which has seen a vast influx of people from low income to high-income countries.Social intolerance back also be expectationed deep down a historical context, for recitation a prominent bea of study is the Nazi Germany treatment of the Jewish race, as well as modern day relations. Throughout my study, I am going to turn back down with the help of political research, what the main(prenominal) causes of social intolerance are, as the issue of social tolerance con tinues to be prominent deep down todays societies across the globe. There are varying arguments regarding what is the root cause of such intolerance, however, we must recognize that the effects of social intolerance is unrivaled which is hard to quantify.This is because how one responds to a survey head word concerning attitudes toward a meeting will not accurately reflect how the respondent will react when encountering an idiosyncratic from that group. Therefore it is questionable to what degree we faecal matter rely on surveys, as often people responses do not always reflect true attitudes, as people brush aside be dishonest, or answer in ways they believe to be to a greater extent appealing than their true feelings. Social tolerance is a somewhat broad concept. As argued by Professor Popper, Toleration is a necessary consequence of our being human we are either products of frailty feeble and prone to error.So let us mutually pardon each others follies. Thus meaning that we are all subject to such a disposition. Susan Mendes defines tolerance as an appeal to the propriety of allowing each individual to pursue his own manner in whichever way he thinks best for him. This acknowledgment often refers to the requirement that we show respect for persons as autonomous agents. Such descriptions of tolerance infer that open-mindedness is a crucial condition for peace and stability and a balanced co-existence. It places emphasis upon the individuals role within society and their responsibility to act in accordance.There is also a moral element in relation to such attitudes a principled recognition that the others earn rights even if the exercise those rights in unattractive ways. Within my study, I will be drawing upon research data from previous experiments, and will be using data from the European Social Survey, as the areas I have been dominantly feeling at are within Europe and on a personal level, this information is relative to where I live. I believe that ultimately one of the main elements of social intolerance are based amidst veritable elements of the demographic.I believe attributes such as age, religion, education and region shape our prejudices. Our society is ever evolving and broadening, and diversity has become a way of life to many. However, I believe that the older more sheltered and less educated population are more likely to be less tolerant and likely to support false and negative stereotypes, this is because they are less likely to engage with individuals from said groups, therefore they are more likely to support negative stereotypes, and integration helps eliminate such prejudice. Research suggests that those with education, who live in urban areas, or are religious liberals tend to demand more positive attitudes I believe that these views will be reflected in on the European Social Survey regarding Qualifying for Immigration. I am going to focus on the variables demonstrating the charms of econom ic considerations as well as nationality, as these reflect further arguments demonstrated within my essay. The immigrant is committed to the way of life in the country they are moving to. The results support the idea that the immigrant being committed to the way of life is extremely important across Europe.It also supports the notion that although economic factors are important, in relation to the immigrant assimilating to the nation states way of life, and both tie in with the arguments regarding social indistinguishability. (See Appendix 1 & 2) Social identity system states that an integral element of an individuals sense of who they are is based upon groups that they buy the farm to or identify with. This concept of identity can be related to dissimilar levels, such as nationality, ethnicity, religion, color or other characteristics. The result of this is that individuals are able to place themselves within groups that embody such characteristics.Individuals can maintain soc ial status of more than one group. Social Identity theory believes that humans define themselves, as well as others, largely in terms of the social groups to which they belong. Social intolerance can be seen to develop from relations between different groups, One of the major motivational assumptions of social identity theory is that all people will strive to achieve a positive social identity. As a result of the desire for positive affiliation, to evaluate their own group positively, they are often though not always motivated to evaluate other groups negatively.This underpins the tendency for social tensions to develop, as it is often installed by the conviction that certain groups are superior. Pressures therefore often arise, as groups believe that the positive elements within ones own group needs to be protected from the negative influences attri exclusivelyed to others. This can result in social prejudice and discrimination where subordinate groups have predominantly negative stereotypic attributions when evaluated by dominant group members. Social dominance theory begins with the observation that all human societies are inherently group-based hierarchies and are inherently oppressive.This therefore means that social intolerance is derived from the hierarchal structure of society, which is composed of commanding group-based structure. Grouping reflects the differing elements within society, such as nation states, races, class, ethnicity, religion, etc. It is believed that only certain individuals are able to be obtain positions of power, and certain characteristics are deemed necessary, such as intelligence. Within this theory it is believed that men are more suited to domineering positions of group power than women.In order for this there are hierarchy enhancing environments are social contexts that encourage or reinforce the acceptance and support for social inequality. Legitimising myths are a way in which hierarchal order can be maintained they are seen as attitudes, values, beliefs, or ideologies that provide moral and intellectual support to and justification for the group. To phrase it differently, legitimising myths are seen as a way in which discrimination and intolerance can be justified in order to promote structure.This theory is clearly limited in its views, as it does little to inform outer group relationships which may go against the grain of hierarchy. It can be seen that to a certain degree we do construct such social orders within society, but this theory is far too totalitarian and does not fit well within society as it does not explain a magnitude of group relationships. Group conflict theory, as is demonstrated in Sherif and Horlands Robbers Case Experiment (1954) helps reflect the tensions that can arise through group competition.The Robbers Cave experiment, between two groups of young middle class boys concluded that intergroup competition rather quickly leads to ethnocentrism and group conflict, but increases levels of inter-group morale, cohesiveness, and cooperation as well. This experiment supports the belief that groups compete and conflict, as these are largely functions of realistic competition between groups over scarce resources. Its therefore supports the lucid choice theory that humans are predisposed to act selfishly and intolerance is often a product of this.For instance if a group hinders others best interests either economically, politically or socially, this can cause an out lash of intolerance. Threat to national identity can be seen as a motivating factor in anti immigrant sentiment. It can often be hard for new immigrants to assimilate into another countrys culture, as often issues especially those such as religion and race can make assimilation difficult. The Sniderman study into Dutch culture draws to attention and quantifies these perceived threats to society and identity regarding new immigrants.Sniderman argues that the perceived threat to culture ove rrides economic threats perceiving a threat to Dutch culture has by the far largest impact in fire hostility. He argues however that positive economic conditions, as seen within the Netherlands, results in the greater perceived threat against culture. This perceived threat is reflected in Snidermans research, which shows that quadruplet of every five Dutch want to stiffen in-migration requirements when immigrants do not speak Dutch fluently and do not have a good chance to fit in smoothly ith Dutch culture, compared to two of five when they do. To look at the causes of social intolerance, we ought to look more closely at the psychology of the individual.Experimental research has demonstrated that unspoken racial attitudes exist even for individuals who score low on the measures of explicit racial prejudice and these beliefs influence judgements and perceptions. This can be reflected in survey results, as deep within our consciousness, as we are, to a certain extent, affected by t he stereotypes and hierarchies that surround us. The psychological view is that implicit racial stereotypes and prejudices are held by everyone because they are part of how the human mind works in the context of a culture including stereotypical representations. The question therefore is, how do we develop such a consciousness? It can be seen through a number of studies which point towards stereotypical portrayals in the media and dismantle the history of these portrayals. It can also be seen that from a young age, those around us, for instance parents and social groups, influence our ideals.We can be seen to adapt to the beliefs of others through the attend to of self-selection (i. e. , the process by which individuals within a peer group influence each other and become more similar on a characteristic over time). These beliefs can manifest into discriminatory treatment, for example in the understanding of implicit prejudice studies suggest that even among persons who hold since re belief in race blindness, images and depictions of racial groups learned beginning in childhood are influential on their thinking.These attitudes can come to surface in finicky situations, for instance job discrimination. The regular use of symbols can help change and condition the way in which we think, and can without knowing perforate into our consciousness. Symbolic predispositions are usually strong attitudes normally acquired through classical conditioning in early life. It can therefore be seen as a lengthy and drowsy process.The careful use of symbols can play to different ideals of the human condition, for instance certain symbols, such as flags, can install a sense of nationalism and pride, but in contrast, they can also be used to represent social evils, such as the Nazi swastika. People can also be used as symbolic images to install emotion and can represent social freedom, strength and empowerment, as seen through the imagery of Jesus and Martin Luther King, Jr. However, symbols can carry what seems like disproportionate power and can be used to, evoke and mobilize human emotions. Virtually every war in the States has been fought around such rallying symbols. Symbols can be manipulated and spun in order to represent something more credible, an example of this is the British National Party, rousing up symbolic patriotic imagery of Winston Churchill and the Union flag to help motivate emotion and support in regards to their immigration policies.Symbols can be used as a tool to play on fear, and can therefore help to breed intolerance by appealing to peoples emotions. It has previously been argued that increased amounts of immigration has generated greater racial friction, it was believed that a superordinate group (e. . , whites) becomes more racially hostile as the size of the proximate subordinate group increases, which punitively threatens the fountains economic and social privilege (Oliver and Wong 2003, 568). Therefore it can be seen t hat the increased levels of immigration generates greater social intolerance. However, in contrast to this argument, recent studies have contended that actually increased intercommunicate makes it difficult for groups to accept typically negative stereotypes and also increases the probability of both groups holding shared values (Forbes 1997). This supports the belief that racial segregation contributes considerably to social intolerance, as it is believed through integration and contact, negative stereotypes and general ignorance can be dispelled when personal relationships are developed. I believe that is a vital factor in the promotion of inter-group relations, that a greater emphasis is played on increased contact. Even though higher immigration levels can cause anti-sentiment, I believe this predominantly affects highly segregated areas, as can be seen within parts of the United States.Economic factors can be a key feature contributing to attitudes of social intolerance. This can be seen upon a personal as well as a collective level. The degree one feels affected by economic threats can be seen as objective, it is argued that opposition to immigrants is rooted ultimately in the economic logic of peoples situations. Therefore it can often be perceived that attitudes to immigrant minorities regarding economic factors are determined by individualistic circumstances. This is evident in regards to unemployment and financial instability.People who can be perceived to be in an awkward financial situation are therefore more likely to be less tolerant, as they are more prone to support the belief that immigration has contributed to their own lack of welfare, jobs and resources. It should not be overlooked that economic factors contribute towards intolerant sentiment, especially as it involves the concept of promoting self-interest. But immigration can also contribute to economic success as reflected through Lockes line of argument for toleration in regards to Hu guenot refugees claiming that the refugees should be accepted since they would bring economic advantages to England. Therefore it must be understood that causality can run both ways. Changes within the demographic can also be seen to have a prominent effect on attitudes towards social tolerance. Research suggests that those with more education, who live in urban areas, or are religious liberals tend to hold more positive attitudes Greater education is a vital way in which social intolerance can be controlled. This is mainly due to the enlightenment education casts upon the collective ills and ignorances of elements of society which often results in discrimination and social intolerance.Greater toleration can be seen as a result of living in urban areas, as they are more likely to offer diversity and promote assimilation. This supports the social contact theory, which argues that The presence of a large minority population in a highly integrated area will result in more assorted con tact, initiating a corrective for the hostility that threat otherwise produces. Both these lines of argument support the theory that segregation helps install greater social intolerance, as through racial integration, individuals can break through barriers such as misconstrued racial stereotypes and prejudice.In conclusion, a common theme throughout has been the presence of different factions within society. Groups have provided the basis for division, therefore resulting in competition, generating all different causes of social intolerance. Ultimately I believe that one of the greatest factors which has contributed to one of the most predominant reasons for social intolerance is the lack of interaction between groups, especially those of race. This has meant that different cultures and groups have found it difficult to assimilate especially within Western society, this has resulted in a lack of understanding and empathy between cultures.This I believe has helped enforce stereotype s bridging a further gap, and therefore greater levels of intolerance. However, ultimately we as individuals need to break these boundaries. From a young age, imagery and symbols are presented to one another, and walls are built between the different sects. However, they can be broken down and proper changeless relations can be built between groups, helping a respect and cultural understanding, ultimately resulting in less causations for social intolerance.

Classifications of Market Structures in the US

In the United States economy most merchandises can be sort go forth into four different markets structures. only, each and every market in the United States is completely unique from the others. chiefly the best type of market structure for the general public is per-fect competitor because it creates the lowest possible monetary value for the public. on that point are some exceptions were perfect competition isnt the best choice for the public on account of various reasons. The United States Postal supporter is one of them and since the Postal dish is a monopoly, it is its experience market.This paper will discuss the budget dilemmas that the postal service has faced for the past twenty familys and if it is in the best interest of the economy for the United States Postal advantage to continue as a monopoly. The first time there was talk of privatizing the Postal do was in 1979 when the Postal Service was losing big tallys of money in the long run. But since the Postal Service is a necessity for America, the goernment had to subsidize the service in order for it to continue in operation. In 1979 the United States Postal Service had a cash flow of $22.Billion and was additionally receiving $176 one thousand thousand from investing(1, Intro). Even with this added revenue the Postal Service was pipe down greatly under funded on its own (1, Intro). During this time it was discussed to privatize the postal service and introduce competition because of the extreme losses that the service was experiencing. A positive argument for privatizing the Postal Service was with numerous competitors in the market there would be more efficiency and the public would receive lower prices. But this would as well increase the usage of resources, for example airplanes and cars.One of the problems the Post Office had was its receipts from consumer purchases that were submitted the next day aft(prenominal) the transaction (1, i). If the receipts were submitted earlie r the postal service would receive more money because they could invest that money sooner (1, i). Another way the Postal Service could increased profits was by competitively selecting banks that would generate them higher interest rates and such (1, ii). Probably the most relevant and final way to reform the budget of the Postal Service is to improve the bookkeeping poli-cies and banking techniques (1, ii).Not only did the Post Service drive to increase profits plainly they also proposed to cut costs in a number of ways. on that point were three methods that were proposed in 1946 for the protection of salaries that no longer exists (2, Intro). These sustain to do with the rural mail carriers. infra this antiquated method of demonstrateing mail the Postal Service was los-ing money to any mail that went to rural areas (2, i) There are 48,000 mail carriers that deliver mail to millions of families that are considered to be living in rural settings this osts the postal Service 8 58 million dollars a year (2, i).This is a fairly easy problem to fix considering how much(prenominal) money is being lost. It was proposed that money loss could be significantly cut down if the Postal Service corrected the following problems. The rural mail carriers were assigned a certain amount of time to deliver to a specific rural area, this method was out of date and because of this the carriers have free time for which they got compensable for (2, ii). The next problem was that other mail routes based pay on how many miles he route covered, so the carriers were getting paid by the mile (2, iii).With this problem fixed the Postal Service could rescue 26. 8 million a year (2, iii). There was also an hourly rate that was in order which indirectly promoted in expeditious service (2, iii). A stop to this could have saved the Postal Service $255,000 a year (2, iii). From the num-bers mentioned above, it can be seen why the United States Postal Service was losing so much money. These problems did and then eventually did get solved over the past fifteen years and this instant the Postal Service is making record reaking profits.Now in the first quarter of the fiscal year 1996 the Postal Service already has a net income of $1. 2 cardinal (3, 1). Now not only is the Postal Service just breaking even, but they are also making a profit. On top of that, the 1. 2 one million million million dollar figure is 115 billion dollars better then the quarterly forecast predicted (3,1). It is marvellous that they are not only making a reasonable profit but it is increasing over the years. The Postal Service is also now reducing debts.An example of this is when the Postal Service redeemed a 1.5 illion dollar loan two years in advance which will save them 22 million dollars of interest in the next two years (3,1). The Postal Service isnt stopping with the revenue that it is receiving now. The Postal Service is planning to increase its international revenues of $1. 2 bi llion by twice the amount in the next five years and ten-fold by the year 2005 (5, 1). The Postal Service is continually running(a) to streamline their operations for the future that they are now run-ning. The Postal Service is continualy looking to cut hind end on borrowing money.All of the recent financial borrowing has been through the Federal Financing Bank, but the Postal Service now is looking into outside sources, such as bonds in the public markets (5, 2). line of reasoning are starting to get jealous of the Postal Service because of the great prof-its it is experiencing. The Postal Service is now making a major impact on the United States Economy (6, 1). Business are pointing out that in 1995 the Postal Service had records of $1. 8 billion in net income and a 1. 7 billion dollar debt reduction (6, 1).The $54 billion revenue that the Postal Service is ringing in would retch them in 12th place on the muckle 500 list and 33rd on the Fortune Global 500, with the worlds lar gest corpora-tions (6,1). A recent study showed that domestic direct mail sales were at $333 billion in the year 1994 (6,1). This figure is expected to reach over $500 billion by the year 2000 (6,1). It can be seen throughout this paper how the United States Postal Service in-creased profits and does not have to borrow as much money as before. It seems that the Postal Service is doing just fine charm it is a monopoly.But there are still two arguments for and gainst the Postal Service continuing to persevere a monopoly. On one side compe-tition is thought to make industries in the market more efficient and practice more innova-tive (4, 1). But on the other hand the competition is also thought to pass off to a wide-spread cream skimming, with the postal service left only the high-cost, unprofitable markets (4, 1). So who is to know which market would be better for the American economy as far as the Postal Service goes. But it is speculated if the United States Postal Service does keep increasing its profits over the years, maybe it will be privatized.

Effects of the Yom Kippur War on Arab Israeli Relation

Describe the Effects of the Yom Kippur struggle on Arab Israeli relations. (12 marks) The Yom Kippur War happened in October 1973, which involved the Arabs and the Israelis, as well as two superpowers, the regular army and the USSR. At the end of the struggle, the Israelis had won. However, the Israeli government and people were shocked by how the Arabs did. The Yom Kippur War has led to a number of effects on the Arab-Israeli relations, which can be classified as two aspects, short name and long term. There are some immediate consequences caused by the Yom Kippur War.The Arabs used oil as a political weapon, which led to a huge economic problem and oil shortage in the world. On 17 October 1973, the price of oil was cut by 70 per cent by the OAPEC, a more often than not Arab group. At the same time it cut production by 35 per cent and banned in all sale of its products to the US and the Netherlands. Because of this oil incident, plenty of people lost their jobs and the prices r aised sharply. Therefore, many countries economies collapsed, which took years to recover. The some other short term effect was that the war resulted in even more refugees in Jordan and Lebanon, particularly in Lebanon.People were then realized that they could no longer rely on the government but to amass hope from the Palestinian organizations, especially the PLO they need to fight for peace their own way. This indicates a greater unsteadiness and also a rising support for the PLO. The attacks on Israel and the Israeli peace with Egypt led to many invasions the PLO attacks on Israel from refugees camp in Lebanon, as well as the Israel peace with Egypt caused the Israeli invasions of Lebanon in 1978 and 1982. The Camp David Accords marooned Egypt from the rest of Arab world.after the war, Egypt signed two agreements with the Israeli president with the help of the American Secretary. Many Arab countries were very sad and disappointed. Egyptian relations with rest of the Arab worl d declined. As a result, Sadat was assassinated by extremists. see how Sadat was killed by making peace with Israel, other Arab leaders didnt energize the courage to do what Sadat has done, to bring out peace. Consequently, the Arab world was lacking a clear leader. Syria attempted to take this position, but didnt success. Also, after the war, Egypt move towards USA away from USSR, which means Egypt was no longer close to USSR.Instead, they improved the relationship with USA as the USSR did not support them very much during the war. Trust was lost between USSR and Egypt. The long term effects brought by the war can be divided into a few points. The world opinion changed after the Yom Kippur War. Militarily, the Israelis won. They had shown their weapons, their pedagogy and their strategies were the better ones. But politically, it was a victory for the Arabs. They had completely surprised the Israelis and the rest of the world in the war. They immediately let the world know t hat Arab soldiers could fight with courage.Because of the war, Egyptians became more confident in themselves. They thought that Israel had only been relieve by the United States. The thought that Israel is so strong that might not be defeated had been destroyed. After the war, the world was not on the side of Israel anymore. In contrast, there was much more sympathy for the Arab position. above all, they had done everything together, especially in the use of the oil weapon. As a result, the rest of the world showed much more respect for the Arabs. This is the first war in which the Israel suffered serious losses. There were a great valet de chambre loss and a feeling of uncertainty among Israelis.An estimated 3,000 Israeli and 8,500 Egyptian and Syrian soldiers were killed, and 8,000 Israelis and almost 20,000 Syrians wounded. It was the first Arab-Israeli war in which Israel suffered a high casualty rate. These effects led to the emergence of an Israeli peace movement. This and the later(prenominal) experience of the wars in Lebanon led to the growth of Israeli peace movement in Israel. To conclude, the Yom Kippur War has a negative impact on the Arab-Israeli relations. The PLO and other Palestinian terrorists groups, the oil crisis and the other incidents happened in the Yom Kippur War have worsened the relationship between the two states.

Review Questions for Business Management Essay

1) What is imaginativeness overallocation? Resource leveling is the get wind management function of resolving project imaging over-allocation. By definition over-allocation means that a resource has been delegateed more work than pile be accomplished in the available age as dictated by the resources calendar definition. In most scenarios, over-allocations can be remedied manually by extending tasks or moving them to hold in the resources availability2) What is resource leveling? When performing project planning activities, the manager go forth attempt to schedule certain tasks simultaneously. When more resources such as machines or people ar involve than are available, or perhaps a particular proposition person is needed in both tasks, the tasks entrust have to be rescheduled concurrently or even sequentially to manage the constraint. Project planning resource leveling is the process of resolving these conflicts. It can also be used to balance the workload of chief(a) res ources over the course of the projects, usually at the expense of one of the traditional triple constraints (time, cost, scope).3) Under what mint would you want to manually resolve conflicts? You can resolve resource conflicts or overallocations by using the resource-leveling trace in Microsoft Office Project. Leveling works by splitting tasks or by adding delay to tasks until the resources that are assigned to those tasks are no longer overloaded. Because of these changes to the tasks, leveling can delay the finish date of just about tasks and consequently also the projects finish date. When it is leveling, Project does not change who is assigned to individually task4) What would be the guardianship of adding more resources to a task to resolve resource conflicts? As you assign resources to tasks, Project checks the resources calendar to piss true that the resource is working. However, Project doesnt appreciate whether the resource is already obligated when you assign the resource to a new task Project enables you to make the assignment. Be aware, though, that the additional assignment may lead to overallocating the resource. Overallocation occurs when you assign more work to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the time that youve allotted for the work to be completed.5) What would be the caution of rescheduling a task to resolve a resource conflict? To get the best performance and forgets from resources (resources The people, equipment, and temporal that are used to complete tasks in a project.), you must manage resource workloads to avoid overallocations (overallocation The result of assigning more tasks to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the working time available.) and underallocations (underallocation Assigning a resource to work fewer hours than the resource has available.).If you change resource assignments (assignment A specific resource that is assigned to a particular task.), check the effects of your changes on the overall schedule (schedule The clock and sequence of tasks within a project. A schedule consists mainly of tasks, task dependencies, durations, constraints, and time-oriented project information.) to make sure that the results meet your project goals.

Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion

In the 1920s, the somewhat genteel world of American poetry was shaken to its foundations when the Harlem Renaissance started. During those times, in exclusively every(prenominal) over the United States, on that point was an outburst of bullnecked threatening fathoms, piece of writing with African-American cadences and rhythms. Moreover, during that period, gener solelyy several(predicate) and diverse subject matters and styles subsisted in poetry. Furthermore, the blues and jazz clubs in Harlem served as an opportunity for the up-and-coming colour writers who wrote to increase the aw atomic number 18ness of the Negro people and inculcate pride in their African heritage.Among these writers were Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes. These writers employed the policy-making, religious, and affable facets of the African American happenings as springboard for poetic illustration. Nevertheless, these two writers differ in their bread and butter act upons, style, and expressi on usage. A proclaimed poet of the Harlem Renaissance, Countee Cullen, uses his poem, Yet Do I Marvel, to send a very strong and enthusiastic message.The poem is a first-person monologue in which a Black poet, indistinguishable from Cullen, voices doubt and confusion dependable about the world, about the relationship between god and man, and about this particular poets place in the world. No earreach is addressed directly. The poet stupefys by professing his belief in a God who is exclusively-good, good-intentioned and almighty. He besides affirms that God has reasons for everything that happens in the world, even if these reasons argon a lot difficult for man to under cornerstone.In particular, the poet wonders why such an all-good compulsive Being could allow things like physical disabilities and death. In the two quatrains the poet observes several examples of worldly imperfection. He workforcetions the sightlessness of the mole and the mortality of human flesh. He as well as refers to the never- ending punishments of two figures from Greek mythology Tantalus, plagued by insatiate hunger and thirst in the midst of unreachable food and drink and Sisyphus, faced with the impossible project of rolling uphill a rock which ontinuously slips back to the starting-point before the task is finished. In the sextet the poet wonders whether there is each way to explain the blindness of the mole, the punishments of Tantalus and Sisyphus or the death of human existences and decides that only God has a satisfactory explanation for these worldly imperfections. The ways of God are beyond understanding and human beings are too distracted by the everyday cares of life to see reason behind the mighty pass of God. The poet does non mention that he is Black until the final couplet.The I at the beginning of the poem is an unidentified human. At the end of the poem this I proudly reveals himself to be not only a poet, merely a Black poet. This revelation tra nsforms the poem from a general comment upon the human put through with(predicate) to private reflection. Of all the incomprehensible follow ups of God, the well-nigh amazing for the poet to understand is that God make him both(prenominal) a poet and Black. The strong mood of religious reflection in this poem stems in large part from the central shoes of the Christian church in the culture of Afro-Americans.Intensity of religious fervor and a vivid gumption of presage anthropomorphism are cat valium themes in the poetry of Black American poets. A split second cardinal theme for Cullen is his speed. Blackness is a focal point of the poem. It is the last of a series of imponderables in the human condition. On the one hand, the poets unappeasable skin is included in the same category as the blindness of the mole or the punishments of Tantalus and Sisyphus. It is anformer(a) example of the mysterious ways of a God who inexplicably made humans of different skin color.On the other hand, the blackness of the poet is a source of pride, a endow of that Almighty Creator whose ways are always right. Thus Cullen, a poet of the Harlem Renaissance in the ahead of time part of the twentieth century, was asserting the mysterious beauty of black skin long before the easy-bred Rights movement made Black pride fashionable later in the century. At the same time, Cullens experience as a Black man is set in the context of his role as a poet. He is a poet made Black, not a Black made a poet. Like his black skin, Cullens poetic talent is a mysterious source of both pain and joy.This poet who fashions a highly prettify poem filled with sophisticated allusion is, at the same time, a member of an oppressed race often denied the opportunity to acquire such erudition and poetic skill. Indeed, Cullen emphasizes the involuntary nature of his poetry. He did not pack to be a poet any more than he chose to be Black. It was God who made him both a poet and Black. It is God wh o commands him to sing. The poet cannot help himself anymore than he could change the color of his skin. The source of his poetic power is divine and lies outside him.While some poets find this source in nature or in the individualized subconscious, Cullen attributes this power to the Supreme Being who dominates this poem. Cullens insistence upon the divine inspiration of the poet is assume in a poem which combines themes from Classical and Biblical sources, for both traditions affirm the ability of supernatural beings to speak through humans. The Greeks called these deities of inspiration Muses spot the Biblical God inspires prophets with warnings for humans. A similar God bids Cullen to sing.In the end, the poem offers more than the personal posture of a Black poet. It speaks not just of the Black condition but of the human condition. All humans feel the irony of a life filled with petty cares, with mysteries, with struggle and with death, but a life brimming with the marvel o f Gods great deeds, with the excitement of divine inspiration, and with an appreciation for the beauty of a poem well made. Langston Hughes was one of the first black men to express the spirit of blues and jazz into words. An African American Hughes became a well kn protest poet, novelist, journalist, and playwright.Because his father immigrated to Mexico and his mother was often away, Hughes was brought up in Lawrence, Kansas, by his gran Mary Langston. Her second husband (Hughess grandfather) was a fierce abolitionist. She helped Hughes to see the cause of affectionate justice. As a lonely boor Hughes turned to reading and writing, publishing his first poems while in high indoctrinate in Cleveland, Ohio. The speaker in The Negro Speaks of River delivers his claims in a cosmic voice that extends throughout all time and space. This voice includes all peoples.Hughes ancestry included three major race groups he lived as an African-American (Hughes referred to himself as colored or Negro, because he was writing before the term African-American was genuine widely) his parents were African-Americans. But Hughes interests removed exceeded racial limitations. He embraced all of life. He suffered the color-line, when racism was strong in archaeozoic twentieth-century America, but he rose above racial hatred and felt love and compassion for all races. His acceptance is especially evident in The Negro Speaks of River spoken by a cosmic voice that includes and unites all people.The poem begins, Ive known rivers / Ive known rivers ancient as the world and older than the / flow of human line of merchandise in human veins. The river symbolizes the linkage of all human life from the earliest time to the present. He stay puts naming rivers that represent the hi news report of Western culture. From the Euphrates to the Mississippi, the history of mankind from Biblical times to the period of the American Civil War is represented. The Euphrates is considered the cradle of Western civilization. The speaker of the poem claims to have bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. Thus the cosmic voice begins at the origin of civilization. The speaker because moves westward to the Congo claiming, I built my shanty near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. Here he focuses on the African experience, as he does in the following line, I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. Neither claim limits the voice to a black voice, because the blank and sensationalistic races have lived along the Congo and were among the slaves employed by the ancient Egyptians in constructing the pyramids.Hughes cosmic voice unites the races in one cosmic person. He highlights the American experience claiming, I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe capital of Nebraska / went down to New Orleans . . . . Lincoln reminds us of the process of emancipation of slaves, and the Mississippi River symbolizes the human blood of all races. The speaker repeats My soul has grown deep like the rivers. Because the soul is the life force of the body, the period of energy, the person who recognizes that his soul has grown deep recognizes his own identity.In this poem the river symbolizes the link of mankind as the blood in the body is believed to be linked because we are all children of God, and thus we have the common ancestry originating with Adam and Eve, the symbolical first parents. The cosmic speaker portrays selfhood and recognizes his roots, his identity as a child of not only one set of biological parents but as a child of the earthly concern (or of God), and he is linked with all humanity, all races, all creeds for all time through the depth of his own soul.Susan Glaspell lived in a time where the most evident social issue was the inequality between men and women, and that women greatly relied on men in order to live. Glaspell, as a budding writer and feminist, assay to resurrect them scathe by writing plays regarding the free dom of women against the gender roles that the society dictates. With the help of her husband and friends, she started the Provincetown Players, where they are able to experiment on new plays which explores sensitive social issues like gender inequality. Glaspells Trifles is a good example of these plays.This play depicts the role of women in the society during the time it was made. During that time, men are fluid considered to be superior to women. It is also the time when men usually undermines the capabilities of women, as well as forefront their decision-making ways . The play showed how women were usually ruled by their emotions and intuitions, which they used to successfully unmask the graphic symbol . The story revolves around the case of the murdered John Wright, who was strangled with a rope while he sleeps in his farmhouse. The main suspect was his was wife, Minnie Wright, who was already arrested and is not portrayed in the play anymore.The problem of the characters wo uld be to prove whether Minnie Wright was really guilty of murdering her husband. Susan Glaspell was born on the late 19th century, where women are not yet recognise as equals of men. Her writing style is influenced by her Midwestern background. The first career she took after graduation was a reporting job for a daily newspaper. The play Trifles was base on an actual murder case that she has worked on during her days as a reporter. After she quit her work as a reporter, she began writing fiction novels. Susan Glaspell became open to radical ideas when she met George pay off, a married man from Davenport.She was able to work on the conventional gender roles, just like what is being tackled on Trifles. Glaspell and Cook developed an affair, and were married afterwards. With Cook being a nonconformist, Glaspell was able to freely do what society restricts her to do because of her gender and class. It was also through Cook and some of her friends that she was able to practice her literary freedom and come up with plays that talk about societal issues of her time. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a self-proclaimed philosopher, writer, educator and an intellectual activist of the womens movement from the late 1890s through the mid-1920s.She demanded equal treatment for women as the best means to advance societys progress. She was an extraordinary woman who waged a lifelong battle against the restrictive social codes for women in late ordinal-century America. The Yellow Wall-Paper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, reflects womens role in the Nineteenth Century. Women were controlled by their husbands and other men. Women did not have much social life. Women did not have any. Gilman uses many complex symbols, such as, the house, the bedroom, and the wallpaper to forces on the major theme of the story.The story is an interpretation how women are oppressed by males in society. Gilman attempts to reveal this onerousness through her use of male imposed wear out. One wom ans struggle with both mental and physical effort represents the greater battles between women and men. Confinement represents classic male oppression and the woman represents all women and their struggle to inlet free from male authorisation. The significance of the confinement is seen in both the vivid descriptions which symbolize the male dominance and the womans subsequent reaction to this incarceration.The yellow wallpaper paints a distinct picture of confinement in both the physical and symbolic sense. Physically the house itself serves to lead to feelings of isolation. It represents the classic institution, that part of society which attempts to constrain the individual. symbolically the narrator being confined to the room by her husband is representative of opportunity to see the oppressive society in its truest light. Within the pattern the narrator sees nursery complete with rings and things in the walls and a bed nailed to the floor.It is in this men had over women, t he ability to ensure a womans dependence on a man through exerting the began to tear down the walls of female oppression that exist to this day. She broke free from the confinement that suffocated her and for a moment showed society its greatest flaw, inequality. Completely in the end as her insanity dominates her, she does begin the process, a process which his wife to the nursery John exercised this dominance over his wife. The story The Yellow paper is about a woman who fights for her right to express what she wants, and fights for her right for freedom.The story also shows the uneven equilibrize of power between husband and wife in the Nineteen Century. Gilman uses many symbols to show the readers womens social condition, lives, and all unfair treatment they had in the Nineteenth Century at different level of scopes. By apply symbols, Gilman represents the effect of the oppression of women in society in late the Nineteenth Century. This story is primarily existential in natur e. Gilman believes that with the fight, she can be free all women can get freedom from the male rule world.From her story, she does not agree women have to accept the unfair truth. She believed women can change their own situation. Booker T. capital of the United States and W. E. B. Du Bois, both early advocates of the civil rights movement, offered solutions to the discrimination experienced by black men and women in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Despite having that in common, the two men had polar approaches to that goal. Washington, a man condoning economic cleverness had a more gradual approach as opposed to Du Bois, whose course involved speedy and centre equality both politically and economically.For the time period, Washington boilers suit offers a more effective and appropriate proposition for the time whereas Du Boiss approach is precedent to movements in the future. Both have equal influence over African Americans in politics. Washingtons proposal excels in re ference to schooling while Du Bois can be state for achieving true applaud from white Americans. Du Bois urged African Americans to involve themselves in politics. Gaining this power would be essential to immediate beseeching of rights.Political association would prevent blacks from falling behind because when the Negro found himself deprived of influence in politics, therefore, and at the same time unprepared to participate in the higher functions in the industrial development which this country began to undergo, it soon became evident to him that he was losing ground in the basic things of life (Doc I). Du Bois also directly challenged Washington when he stated that the way for a people to gain their reasonable rights is a not by voluntarily throwing them away and insisting that they do not want them (Doc E). W. E. B.Du Bois goes on to tap that that the principles of democratic government are losing ground, and caste distinctions are growing in all directions (Doc F). All of t hese political demands are comprehensible but Du Bois desired a radical change Negroes must insist continually, in season and out of season (Doc E). This is close to nagging, which was surely unfavorable among primarily white politicians. The effectiveness of incessant complaining would steadily decrease. Washington avoids political involvement which in general is a neutral action neither promoting nor causing defacement of the Negro population.In 1880 the percentage of 5-19 division olds enrolled in school for whites was rough 60% while the percent of blacks was roughly half that, which was a vast improvement over just thirty years before when black enrollment was around zero (Doc A). Although black students appear to be bettering themselves, it is still quite unfortunate there may be more black students enrolled but their education system was still below that of white folk. This in effect explains why the illiteracy rate of the white population was at 10% while the percentage o f the black population unable to read sky-lined at 60% (Doc B).Both Washington and Du Bois recognized the gap but took completely different approaches to contact a remedy and also had differing views of what necessary education was. Washington believed that if blacks focused their attention on striving economically they would eventually be given the rights they deserved. To do this, he encouraged attending trade schools like the ones which he worked with. The Tuskegee Institute of Alabama, which he founded, was where no time was wasted on dead languages or superfluous studies of any kind.Then he proposed working either industrially or agriculturally since their education would be based on what is practical and what would best fit the young people for the work life (Doc G). Du Bois, on the other hand, had grown up well rounded culturally. A historian specializing in the history of blacks and a noted sociologist, at the age of 93 he became a member of the communist party and exiled himself to Africa. Du Bois had high hopes for the dexterous Tenth after thorough education they could succeed. The fight for first class citizenship could be earned through the university educated Negro through the court systems.Although it is a well thought out solution, the number of black college students enrolled was still quite low at the time. He believed along with others, that industrial education would not stand African Americans in place of political, civil, and intellectual liberty (Doc H). It is true that being cultured is important but for the time, labor was the necessity and would bring supposed status. W. E. B Du Bois, however, is able to surpass Washington in the area of overall respect and morality concerning white folk. Booker T. Washington made a point that if blacks could prove themselves useful, they could achieve their rights.Washington stated, No race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized. It is importan t and right that all privileges of the laws be ours, but it is vastly more important that we be prepared for the exercise of those privileges. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory just now is charge infinitely more than the opportunity to spend a dollar in an opera house. In theory, Washington concluded that in order for African Americans to succeed, it was imperative for them to befriend the white men. Only then would the struggle for blacks end.He continually sounds of begging when stating to the white men Casting down your bucket among my people, destiny and encouraging them as you are doing on these grounds and to education of head, hand, and heart While doing this you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unbitter people that the world has seen. All this had been said in his Atlanta Compromise Address in 1895 (Doc D). It was also apparent to everyone African American w ho did not totally agree with Washingtons idea that this was a sign of entree for the black race.The submissive part was, if none else, the fact that we were to accept that black people were going to continue to use their hands as a means to be productive to a white society. many a(prenominal) blacks turned away from such a statement and this is where W. E. B. Du Bois came to relieve them. Although Fortune stated, It is impossible to estimate the comfort of such a man (Doc G), Du Bois rejected the philosophy of Booker T. Washington declaring that he was condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority.He argues that the way for a people to gain respect is not by continually belittling and ridiculing themselves (Doc E). The De Facto segregation, such as a separate water fountain for colored only (Doc J) proposed by Washington did alleviate white and black tension but til now was degrading. He presents that the wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly, and that progress in the enjoyment of all the privileges that will come to us must be the result of severe and constant struggle earlier than of artificial forcing (Doc D).Barnett criticized that Washington, one of the most noted of their own race should join with the enemies (Doc H). Such attitudes from Washington could sincerely be appreciated by Southern whites who in no way would want to be equivalent to a Negro. Although both men approached the topic differently, the advancement of civil rights would not be as far along today if it were not for both simultaneous views. Each needed the other to achieve his agenda. However, the most experienced in dealing with the sensitivity of the prejudices was Washington.He seemingly knew what buttons to coerce and how far he could push them. Curiously, the year Washington gave his Atlanta Compromise Address in 1895, the number of blacks lynched dropped from 170 the previous year to jus t above 120. It is also interesting to note that after Du Bois gave his speech about The Niagara Movement in 1905, the numbers began to steadily increase again (Doc C, D, F). Du Bois approach of ceaseless agitation, unfailing exposure of dishonesty and wrong (Doc F) was not ready for the time where Washington is more rational in his gradual approach.